Sunday, December 29, 2019

Comparing Egypt And The French Revolution - 1106 Words

In Tunisia, A man purposely set himself on fire to express his rights. Little did the government know this was just the foreshadowing of major uprising in Egypt. In the Middle East, the dissatisfied youth started a revolutionary wave of demonstrations and protests that began December 18, 2010. Known as the â€Å"Arab Spring†, the young adults protested all through the Arab world because of their anger with unemployment, inflation, and the regulations of the government. The young adults, who received message of the protest via social media, were hungry for political change, more voice, and economic stimulus. However, this is not the first time we have seen citizens revolt like this. In 1972, society revolted due to raised taxes, lack of freedom, and poverty, ultimately causing the French revolution. In comparing Egypt and the French revolution, although the causes are the same through changes in government, dire financial situation, and significant events, the results demonstra te differences. France’s society witnessed shifts in power due to the revolting of society, which was mirrored by the frustration of people in Egypt. In 1774, Louis succeeded his father and was the new ruler of France, along with is Austrian wife, Marie Antoinette. After years of long-term debt, unfairness of society, raising taxes, and no change, the citizens revolted. This connects to the â€Å"Big Idea† cause and effect because due to lack of equality, the citizens expressed their rights by protesting. InShow MoreRelatedThe French Revolution And The Arab Spring1322 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout history many societies have, and will likely continue to have revolutions as we as humans strive towards a utopian society. Each and every one of these revolution follows some pattern, a pattern that most often includes a great number of civilian casualties. But what is it that pushes such revolutions forward? Why have people risked and given their lives fighting against t heir own leadership? Looking at both the French Revolution and the Arab Spring can help uncover the answer to these questionsRead MorePrincess Nazly Mostafa Bahgat Fadel 1551 Words   |  6 Pagesto France. During this time, Nazly Fadel began to interact with the French elite society by reading as well as reaching out to other members of the society. At the time, literary salons were popular in France and grouped the most distinguished thinkers, philosophers and politicians. While attending such salons, the Princess acknowledged the vital role they play in the cultural development of the society. On her return back to Egypt, Princess Fadel was a cultured lady that spoke six different languagesRead MoreThe Egyptian Pharaoh1462 Words   |  6 Pagesthat Egypt was able to become a powerhouse in the civilized world of the time again. Within Thutmose III’s years of reign, he was able to bring the Egyptian military to form with the best technology of the time, besting the nation s that had originally defeated Egypt under his father’s rule. The next few topics will look at comparing the two rulers, looking into what made them similar. What this section is mainly looking into are how they were treated by their people, what they did for Egypt longRead MoreHarriet Martineau : An Early Western Sociologist1229 Words   |  5 Pagesknown at the time for her keen ability to explain complicated ideas in an easy-to-understand way.Martineau’s contribution to the field of sociology was her proclamation that when studying society, one must focus on all aspects of it as she did by comparing morals and social patterns depicting the distinctions between fact and fiction. Martineau also emphasized the importance of examining political, religious, and social institutions . Martineau believed that by studying society in this way, one couldRead MoreThe Beginning Of Labyrinth Of Solitude By Octavio Paz Essay1602 Words   |  7 Pagesfelt that is it was this equality of condition that molded the both the social character and the institutions of government. Fascinated by the peaceful functioning of the United States after the dramatic failures of government following the French Revolution, he wants to determine the relationship between this equality and the preservation of liberty. Although he points out a number of institutional factors that contribute, such as local self-governance and citizen juries, he sees even more thatRead MoreMarx, Durkheim, And Weber2405 Words   |  10 Pageseconomic, and technological revolutions of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The Industrial Revolution, in particular, eroded old traditions and necessitated new ways of perceiving and examining the social world. With the success of the natural sciences serving as a model for the social sciences, sociology emerged in Western Europe as a distinct discipline in the mid-1800s. During the 1780s, the French underclass rioted and revolution was born. The French Revolution was considered one of theRead MoreThe Western Military Trajectory During The Gunpowder And First Industrial Revolutions2121 Words   |  9 Pagesthe impetuses for a military revolution stemming from non-Western stimuli. Innovations such as the composite bow (introduced by the Hyksos), cavalry (accredited to Assyria and Persia), the stirrup (attributed to China), gunpowder (China), crossbow (China), and cannons (China) have been attributed to non-Western regions; however, it is the Western militaries that exploited these innovations to their full deadly potential and in the process created military revolutions. This paper will discuss howRead MoreAfrican American History : African Americans Essay1424 Words   |  6 PagesAfricans were forced to migrate to the Americas. This was called the Atlantic slave trade and it lasted all the way until the 19th century. Because of the Industrial Rev olution, in the Americas there was a significant need for workers and because of this demand it brought upon the Atlantic slave trade. The Dutch, Portuguese, French, and Great Britain all were participants in the Atlantic slave trade. The Europeans did not necessarily enslave Africans themselves. They bought slaves from African tradersRead MoreLes Miserables : A French Masterpiece3985 Words   |  16 Pages Les Miserables: A French Masterpiece Introduction Victor-Marie Hugo, is possibly the most renowned French author in history. Born on February 26, 1802 in Besancon, France, Hugo was the youngest of three sons of Count Leopold Sigisbert and Sophie Hugo. Hugo proved himself as a capable writer at a young age gaining Recognition from the French Academy for a poem he wrote when he was only fifteen. At the age of twenty, he published his first book of poetry titled Miscellaneous Odes and VersesRead MoreSecret Intelligence Service and Espionage4647 Words   |  19 PagesAmerican Revolution, Nathan  Hale  and Benedict  Arnold  achieved fame as spies, and there was considerable use of spies on both sides during the U.S. Civil War. By World War I, all the great powers except the United States had elaborate civilian espionage systems and all national military establishments had intelligence units. To protect the country against foreign agents, the U.S. Congress passed the Espionage Statute of 1917.  Mata Hari, who obtained information for Germany by seducing French officials

Saturday, December 21, 2019

The Stages of Psychosocial Development - 1251 Words

During the first psychosocial stage test back in 1975, Erikson figured that how a mother and father look after their child is a major factor in determining how much trust the child will place in their parents. (1998-11734-016). At this time in life, humans are very dependent, and practically helpless with everything. We have to rely on other people for everything from food, to clothing, to bathroom needs, and in this case, affection. The main issue of this stage is Trust vs. Mistrust. Obviously, if an infant is not getting the proper needs met, they will become unsure of their environment, and probably not trust their parents. Infants require proper development and movement to be helped into the next stage, they require elders for the physical and emotional needs to be met on a constant basis. A healthy outcome of this stage happens when the child develops a real sense of trust and mistrust in themselves, their parents, and their surrounding world. Trust may appear as an issue for i nterns even before the internship has begun.(1998-11734-016). Erikson theorized that if the parents were to loosely watch after their child, they would have less trust with-in their parents. So oppositely he viewed that if they were to pay closer attention and be there if the child was to fall, they would have more trust in the world and their parents. So if an intern secures a position and then on arrival finds certain problems between certain information and reality, it is most likely goingShow MoreRelatedThe Eight Stages Of Psychosocial Development814 Words   |  4 PagesTheory Selection Rational Understanding the eight stages of psychosocial development in a practical sense is vital to building a healthy student teacher relationship. I selected this theory to gain an understanding of how to effectively interact with my future students. This theory refines my ability to identify and gage my student’s unique psychological developmental progress. A deeper understanding of this enables me the ability to identify key developmental milestones and improve my lesson plansRead MoreThe Eight Stages Of Psychosocial Development1319 Words   |  6 PagesThe eight stages of psychosocial development have a significant impact on the individual s gding to Erikson each stage is marked by conflict which if successfully addressed and overcome have a positive outcome. In order to be successful an individual has to resolve each crisis by achieving a healthy balance between the two opposing temperaments (Broderick Blewitt, 2010; Papalia, Olds, Feldman, 2006). Erikson indicates that a person s psychosocial development is not precise nor is it permanentRead MoreThe Third Stage Of Psychosocial Development1527 Words   |  7 Pages During this time, I entered the fifth stage of psychosocial development. I started being able to see the effects from bad choices other people were making. I began to think for myself and act for myself. Some seen me as the girl that didn’t care what others thought of her. Some say that adolescents is a time that people learn to lead, or learn to follow. I would say I started out following, but by the time I neared the end of my teenage years I was a leader. In the beginning, I remember feelingRead MoreEriksons Stages Of Psychosocial Development1571 Words   |  7 PagesErikson’s stages of psychosocial development: Check one box and give the textbook definition (with reference) of Erickson’s developmental stage for your patient’s age group: _____ Identity vs. Role Confusion/Diffusion _____ Intimacy vs. Isolation __x__ Generativity vs. Self-absorption/Stagnation _____ Ego Integrity vs. Despair Definition: In this stage generativity refers to the adult s ability to care for another person. The most important event in this stage is parentingRead MoreMy Psychosocial Stage of Development Essay1202 Words   |  5 PagesMy Psychosocial Stage of Development S. Pulliam April, 2011 First I would like to define psychosocial development; this is the development of the personality or the acquisition of social attitude and skill from infancy through maturity. Based on the charting from Erickson’s Psychosocial Stages of Development, I fall into two separate categories based on my age. From the beliefs of Erickson, he believed that the achievements and failures of earlier stages influence later stages, whereas laterRead MoreErikson s Psychosocial Stages Of Development1014 Words   |  5 PagesIn your initial post, identify the original life story element you intend to change and explain how you intend to change it. Use Erikson’s psychosocial stages of development to explain Mila’s stage of development at the time this change takes place and address how the change affects Mila’s psychological development. If I had the opportunity to change anything in Mila’s story, I would change her work life. After Mila and Oliver got married and moved to a residence in a neighborhood just minutes awayRead MoreEriksons Eight Stages Of Psychosocial Development2007 Words   |  9 Pagesapply. In Erikson’s Eight Stages of Psychosocial Development, he uses different ranges of age to portray one’s crises and dilemmas in various stages of life (Bjorklund, 2015). As an 18 year-old college student, I feel connected to the fifth stage of Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development: Identity versus Role Confusion. In the fifth stage, Erikson describes that during the ages 13-18, most teens are transitioning to young adults and this is the stage in human development where they are trying toRead MoreErik Erikson : Psychosocial Stages Of Development1932 Words   |  8 Pages Erik Erikson: Psychosocial Stages of Development Kiara Stephenson Theories of Personality Dr. Resnick 1 May 2016 Abstract Erik Erikson is one of the most influential psychoanalysts of the 20th century. He developed the eight stages of psychosocial development. These stages are trust vs. mistrust, autonomy vs. doubt/shame, initiative vs guilt, industriousness vs inferiority, identity cohesion vs. role confusion, intimacy vs. isolation, generativity vs. stagnation,Read MoreErikson s Stages Of Psychosocial Development1573 Words   |  7 Pages I believe in order to tell one’s own story; one must first have a clear and concise vantage point from which he or she would like the reader to acknowledge. Erikson s stages of psychosocial development are somewhat of a biography of eight imperative stages throughout one’s life. This Psychoanalytical perspective starts at birth and continues to evolve throughout one’s life up until an individual’s untimely death. Now, as we know sometimes simple events and dates can become very tedious and mundaneRead MoreErikson s Stages Of Psychosocial Development1647 Words   |  7 Pageson, ranging from an incomplete stage of Erikson s to symptoms of depression. Throughout the movie, she goes through many emotional turmoils and drama, which changes her behavior. Section A: Erikson’s stages of Psychosocial Development includes trust vs. mistrust, autonomy vs shame and doubt, initiative vs. guilt, competence vs. inferiority, identity vs. role confusion, intimacy vs. isolation, generativity vs. stagnation, and integrity vs. despair. All of these stages serve as a foundation for the

Friday, December 13, 2019

Marketing 311 Study Guide Midterm 1 Free Essays

string(56) " large market share in a mature, slow growing industry\." 1. Managing customers as assets? – * Building the right relationships with the right customers involves treating customers as assets that need to be managed and maximized * Different types of customers require different relationship management strategies * Customer relationship management is the overall process of building and maintaining profitable customer relationships by delivering superior value and satisfaction * 2. Marketing Mix (4 P’s) * Product, price, place and promotion—the controllable set of activities that a firm uses to respond to the wants of its target markets * Product- goods, services and ideas Price-everything the buyer gives up (time, energy, money) in exchange for the product * Place- all the activities necessary to get the product to the right customer when that customer wants it. We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing 311 Study Guide Midterm 1 or any similar topic only for you Order Now * Supply chain management- the set of approaches and techniques that firms employ to efficiently and effectively integrate their suppliers, manufacturers, warehouses, stores, and other firms involved in the transaction, such as transportation companies into a seamless value chain. This allows merchandise to be produced and distributed in the right quantities, to the right place, and at the right time. * Promotion- Communicating the value of a product to its customers. * 3. Consumer decision making process- * Need Recognition- consumers recognize that they have an unsatisfied need and want to go from their needy state to a desired state. The bigger this gap is=the greater the need recognition. * Functional needs- pertains to the performance of a product or service. Psychological needs- pertain to the personal gratification consumers associate with a product or service. **shoes are needed to keep feet clean. $500 shoes satisfy a psychological need. * THE KEY TO SUCCESSFUL MARKETING: establishing a balance between these two needs that best appeals to that firm’s target market * Search For Information- second step is to search for info about various options that will satisfy the need. The length of time spent on this will relate to how much risk is involved should you hoose the wrong option. * Internal search for information- the buyer examines his own memory and knowledge about the option. * External search for information- buyer seeks information from outside himself to make a decision. Talking with friends, family, sales people, research online†¦ * Factors the affect consumer’s’ search process * Perceived Benefits vs. Perceived Costs – is it worth the time and effort? If there is high risk (buying a house) people will spend more time researching. The Locus of Control – people with internal locus control believe they have control over the outcomes of their actions. These people do more researching. People with external locus of control believe that fate and external factors control outcomes. It doesn’t matter to them how long they spend searching. * Actual or Perceived Risk- Performance, Financial and psychological risks influence how long and how much research will be done. * Performance Risk - risk of getting a bad (poorly performing) product. Financial Risk- risk with money outlay. Warranties reduce that risk * Psychological risks- how people feel if a product does not convey the right image * Type of Product or Service- specialty, shopping, and convenience products * Specialty goods and services- people have a strong preference and will expend time looking for the best supplier (prius vs other hybrid†¦) * Shopping goods and services- going from store to store looking for a product (perfume, shoes†¦. * Convenience goods and services- things that do not require research and are often purchases without very much thought (bread, soap†¦) * Evaluation of Alternatives- sifting through the available choices they have gathered info on and evaluating the option available to them. Universal sets- all possible choices available to them for that product * Retrieval sets- brands or stores that can be easily remembered and always come to mind * Evoked set- alternative brands and stores that a customer states they would consider when making a choice(companies want to be here to increase likelihood of purchase and reduce searching in other areas). This is the group that the choice has been narrowed down to by specific criteria. * Evaluative criteria- a set of important attributes about a particular product. ( looking for a tv†¦picture quality, rightness, reputation, technical support†¦) * Determinant attributes- product or service features that are important to the buyer and where competing brands may differ. * Consumer decision rules- the set of rules and criteria that consumers use consciously or subconsciously to quickly and efficiently select from alternatives. * Compensatory- assumes that the consumer trades off one characteristic for another. * Non compensatory- when consumers choose a product or service on the basis of a characteristic regardless of the value of its other characteristics. Decision heuristics- mental shortcuts that help a consumer narrow down choices. Price, brand, product presentation * Purchase and Consumption- buying a product and â€Å"putting it to the test† * Ritual consumption- pattern of behaviors tied to life events that affect what and how we consume. Symbolic meaning and vary my importance and culture. * Post Purchase- marketers are interested in this because it involves actual customers rather than potential customers. Satisfied customers become repeat customers. Customer satisfaction- build realistic expectations, demonstrate correct product use, stand behind the product with money back and warranty guarantees and encourage customer feedback * Post purchase dissonance- the uncomfortable feeling produced by inconsistency between beliefs and behaviors, buyer’s remorse * Customer loyalty- marketers attempt to solidify a loyal relationship with their customers * Undesirable consumer behavior- negative word of mouth * 4. Maslow’s hierarchy? Maslow’s Hierarc hy of Needs * Physiological- basic biological necessities of life – food, shelter drink and rest. In most developed countries these needs are generally met, but in less fortunate countries they’re not. * Safety needs- protection and physical well being (airbags, alarms, vitamins†¦) * Love needs- relate to our interactions with others * Esteem needs- satisfy their inner desires, (yoga, meditation†¦) * Self actualization – occurs when you feel completely satisfied with your life and how you live. You don’t care what others think. * 5. BCG matrix? – Boston Consulting Group Matrix * Provides a framework for allocating resources among different units. Things are explained as being in one of four areas of a grid: * Cash cow- a unit that has a large market share in a mature, slow growing industry. You read "Marketing 311 Study Guide Midterm 1" in category "Papers" Cash cows don’t require much more investment * Star- a business unit that has a large market share in a industry that is rapidly growing. They produce a lot of cash and require a lot of investment to keep up their competitive advantage * Question mark (Problem Child)- unit that has a small market share in a quickly growing market. They require a lot of resources and their potential is relatively unknown * Dog- a unit that has a small share of the market in a mature stable industry. Does not require investment. But could this money be used in a better unit? 6. Marketing strategy options- Marketing strategy- identifies a firms target market(s), a related marketing mix—their four P’s, the basis upon which the firm plans to build a sustainable competitive advantage * Sustainable competitive advantage- an advantage over the competition that is not easily copied and thus can be maintained over a long period of time. * Customer excellence- achieved when a firm develops a value based strategy for retaining loyal customers and provides outstanding customer service * ? Having a strong brand, unique merchandise and great customer service solidify this. Operational excellence- through efficient operations, excellent supply chain management, strong relationships with their suppliers and excellent human resource management to yield productive employees. * Product excellence- involves a focus on achieving high quality products; effective branding and positioning is key. * THE MARKETING PLAN * Define the business mission * Conduct a situation Analysis(Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats Analysis) * Identifying and Evaluating Opportunities using segmentation, targeting and positioning * Implement Marketing Mix and Allocate Resources Evaluate Performance Using Marketing Metrics * GROWTH STRATEGIES * Market Penetration- employs the existing marketing mix and focuses the firm’s efforts on existing customers. * May include: attracting new customers to the firm’s existing market, encouraging current customers to patronize the firm more often, * Requires efforts such as increase d advertising and additional sale and promotions, intensified distribution efforts in geographic areas where the product or service is already sold. Market Development Strategy- employs the existing marketing offering to reach new market segments whether domestic or international * International expansion is riskier because firms must deal with differences in culture, government regulations, supply chains and language. * Product Development Strategy- offers a new product of service to a firm’s current market. * Diversification strategy- introduces a new product or service to a market segment that currently is not served * Diversification opportunities may be either related or unrelated. When related the current target market and or marketing mix shares something in common with the new opportunity * Unrelated diversification lacks any common elements with the present business, so they do not capitalize on the cores strengths associated with markets or products. They are very risky. 7. Different types of Marketing Research options and their pros and cons? * Market Research Process * 1) Define the problem * 2) Develop the research plan * 3) Collect data * 4) Develop findings 5) Take Actions based on your findings * Sources of Data * Primary Research- original data collected by researchers themselves * Quantitative research is data analysis based on archival data, panel data or questionnaires from a large group of respondents * Qualitative research (e. g. ethnographic research) provides a holistic view of a research problem by integrating a larger number of variables, but asking only a few respondents * Secondary research- data collected and nalyzed by someone else * Ex ploratory Research- attempts to begin to understand the phenomenon of interest; also provides initial information wen the problem lacks any clear definition * Conclusive Research- provides the information needed to confirm preliminary insights which managers can use to pursue appropriate courses of action * Observation- exploratory research method that entails examining the purchase and consumption behaviors through personal or video camera scrutiny. In-Depth interview- exploratory research technique in which trained researchers as questions, listen to and record the answers and pose additional questions to clarify or expand on a particular issue. * Survey- a systematic means of collecting information from people that generally uses a questionnaire * Unstructured questions- open ended questions that allow respondents to answer in their own words * Structured questions- close-ended questions that proved respondents with specific answers to evaluate. How to evaluate the data- * Who co llected the data? * Would there be any reason to purposely misrepresent the facts? * For what purpose was the data collected? * How / when was the data collected? * Are the data internally consistent and logical in the light of known data sources or market factors? * Is the instrument available? 8. Coke Case? – After 99 years of Coca-Cola, executives decided to abandon their formula and start over. In the 1970’s people began preferring Pepsi to Coke during taste test groups. Coke conducted their own tests and found the same results. Looking to regain the market share, they decided to change their formula. Perception of this idea varied widely during focus group interviews. Secret tests of different coke formulas in cities across the country showed that 55% of people preferred the â€Å" New Coke. † Executives conducted a press conference to release this information. News spread quickly, and soon complaints came pouring in when people were aware. After this release only 30% of people preferred the new Coke. This is said to be the â€Å"Marketing Blunder of the Decade† 9. John Quelch’s ideas on the â€Å"New Normal† (under lecture 3 or lecture 4? slides)? * â€Å"New Normal† types of consumers Slam-on-the-brakes (sudden loss of income) Pained-but-patient(see light at the end, hope) Live-for-today(have job, party like 1999 Comfortably-well-offs(willing to postpone for now) * â€Å"New Normal† types of purchase Essentials (switch from organic to non-organic or switch brands). Treats (minimize quantity or frequency of purchases (e. g. , Haagen Daz). Post-ponables (e. g. , big ticket items like washers, TVs, remodeling, dental work, plastic surgery) Expendables (e. g. , multiple vacations per year, private schools, eating out, going out to movies) 10. Segmentation, target market, repositioning? * Types of Segmentation- * Niche Marketing * Focusing on meeting the needs of one specific target market * Often the best strategy for small companies in a large market * Can be risky if the niche is not large enough to be profitable * Differentiated Marketing Using several different marketing mixes to target several different target markets * Allows companies to target a larger number of customers * Can lead to higher market share overall * Can be difficult to maintain cost efficiencies with multiple marketing mixes * Individual Marketing * Customizing the marketing mix to meet individual needs * Ideal because marketers are meeting the needs of individual customers * Requires very detailed information on customers * Can be difficult/expen sive to implement Demographic Segmentation * Gender * Age * Race/Ethnicity * Income Level * Occupation * Education Level * Household size or composition * Psychographic Segmentation- * Based on social class, lifestyles, personality and beliefs * Often generalized from activities, interests and opinions * Can be difficult to categorize consumers but categorizations are likely to be more accurate than simple demographic segmentation * Criteria for good segmenting- * Consumers within a segment are homogeneous. * Consumers between segments are heterogeneous. The segment is profitable. * The segment is reachable. * Criteria for evaluating Segment Attractiveness * Size of the segment * Expected cost to reach the segment * Expected growth of the segment * Competition (ie: 5 forces framework) * Company objectives and resources (e. g. , synergies with other product lines or brands) * Targeting is evaluating each market segment’s attractiveness and selecting one or more segments to ent er. To do this, two steps are involved * Developing measures of segment attractiveness * Selecting the target market Positioning- * Goal: Show consumers that your brand can offer them more value than the competition can. * Positioning by competitors: Hertz- We’re #2, so we try harder * Positioning by attribute: Sendodyne- The toothpaste for sensitive teeth * Positioning by use or application: Nyquil- The nighttime, sniffling, sneezing, coughing, aching, stuffy head, fever so you can rest medicine * Positioning by user: Pepsi- The Choice of the new generation * Positioning by product class: Taco Bell- Think outside the bun * 11. Reliability and Validity * Reliability – is the consistency of your measurement, or the degree to which an instrument measures the same way each time it is used under the same condition with the same subjects. In short, it is an estimate of the repeatability of your measurement. * Is an instrument reliable? * Test / Retest – in this appro ach you have the same subjects take the same survey multiple times. The idea behind test / retest is that subjects should get the same scores on test 1 and test two. * Internal consistency – in this approach you group similar questions together and measure how highly correlated they are with one another – Cronbach’s alpha is a measure of correlation used in this method * Validity – is more difficult to define than reliability but basically validity is a measure of how close we are to the truth when we conduct marketing research. Two examples: * Construct validity – are we really measuring what we think we’re measuring? e. g. , satisfaction, brand loyalty * External validity – will our results apply to other settings and contexts or are they limited to the subjects / contexts that we chose for our study? – e. g. , student subjects * * * * * * How to cite Marketing 311 Study Guide Midterm 1, Papers

Thursday, December 5, 2019

Animal Farm †Research Paper Essay Sample free essay sample

During the 20th century. the people of the universe saw the rise and autumn of many states and leaders. This was a clip of high tensenesss and careful diplomatic negotiations. where people had to step carefully lest they become leery. However. some took up a campaign against this careful attitude and used composing to spread state of affairss. In his novel Animal Farm. George Orwell uses his command of sarcasm to discourse and lampoon people and events in the Soviet Union during the mid-twentieth century. When George Orwell set out to compose Animal Farm. his intent was to â€Å"fuse political and artistic intent into one whole. supplying a disenchantment through humor. dramatized sarcasm. and intertextuality† ( Bloom 147 ) . He sought to compose a kind of parable or modern fairy narrative that drew facts from real-world events. events which it in bend would light ( Smyer 106 ) . Orwell chose to compose specifically about the Soviet Union in an allegorical sense for many grounds. At the clip of Orwell’s composing. many feared the rise of socialist or communist authoritiess. Through Animal Farm. Orwell was able to present persons. thoughts. or establishments as foolish or absurd. while non straight assailing a specific figure. state. or ideal. He used this medium to expose radical political ideals that he thought were unsafe ( Lea 97 ) . Throughout the novel. â€Å"certain general messages seem clear: power corrupts. passiveness is unsafe. freedom in a heartfelt way won may be lost. and political motions with good purposes can turn evil† ( Greenblatt 103 ) . With these messages in head. Orwell stretched his creativeness to the bounds. He created an equivocal English farm. where he was able to conceive of â€Å"speaking animate beings. workss. objects. and humans† that â€Å"metaphorically exemplify and satirise human conduct† ( Bloom 159 ) . With these tools set to his specific ends. Orwell unwittingly set out to compose what is widely regarded as on of the greatest sarcasms of the modern age. There are a huge myriad of ways in which Orwell uses his sarcasm and lampoon really good. yet the most outstanding is his usage of characters in Animal Farm as symbols that parallel celebrated figures and people in the Soviet Union. This satiric usage of animate beings to do worlds appear pathetic or barbarous is known as â€Å"satiric reduction† . a technique used most normally in fabrications ( Lea 117 ) . Orwell puts this to good usage. smartly masking non merely the multitudes of the Soviet Union. but besides the national f igures as different animate beings on the Manor Farm. Certain species of animate beings have certain traits. traits which define the personalities of the real-life opposite numbers they are used to stand for. These traits go on to non merely exemplify but depict and organize the personalities of those they parody. â€Å"Animal Farm spans both genres: the sheep remain sheep ; the Canis familiariss. Canis familiariss ; the cat. a cat ; but the hogs. Equus caballuss. and donkey all show elements of ‘human personality’† ( Bloom 159 ) . The animate beings that display the degrees of human personality are those animate beings that in the terminal either abandon all hope of successful revolution or govern the farm and go the regulating middle class over the lesser animate beings. For illustration. Orwell used the communal species of the hogs to stand for â€Å"power hungry leftists that used their superior rhetoric to rock animate beings less intelligent than themselves† ( Greenblatt 114 ) . Four hogs in peculiar base out in Animal Farm: Old Major. Snowball. Napoleon. and Squealer. Together. they represent both the leaders of revolution in the Soviet Union every bit go od as their methods of regulating. First of all. Old Major is used to stand for Karl Marx. the Godhead of communism or in this instance. â€Å"animalism† . He insisted that the working animate beings Rebel for greater right and authorities. which is the basic premiss of Marx’s Communist Manifesto ( Greenblatt 123 ) . Snowball is used to stand for Leon Trotsky. leader of the ill-famed â€Å"October Revolution† . Snowball is immature. optimistic. smart. and gifted in oration ; and truly wants to better the quality of life for all animate beings on the farm. He portions all these traits with his non-fictional opposite number Trotsky. every bit good as his insisting on staying true to the founding rules of the revolution’s initiation rules ( Lamont ) . However. merely like the existent Trotsky. he is finally betrayed by his longtime comrade Napoleon ; used to stand for Joseph Stalin ( Smyer 156 ) . Rather than being baronial and honest as Snowball set out to be. Napoleon is non really cagey and has to fall back to cruel. brutal. selfish methods ; killing those who oppose his government and ideas much as Stalin did during his rise to power. His lone attention is for power. and he cares non for the rules that the revolution was founded on. besides similar to Stalin. The concluding member of the hogs is named Squealer. and instead than stand foring a specific figure. he represents all the media and propaganda used largely by Stalin post-revolution in the Soviet Union. He changes and manipulates the regulations of authorities. and encourages all of the carnal â€Å"comrades† to follow their glorious leader to a bright new hereafter. much like the lurid pro-communism media in the U. S. S. R. ( Lamont ) . In add-on to the hogs. and array of awful Canis familiariss are used to supply a instead accurate sarcasm of the KGB. the secret constabulary of Stalin’s. or instead Napoleon’s government. â€Å" . . . nine tremendous Canis familiariss have oning brass-studded neckbands came jumping into the barn. They dashed heterosexual for Snowball. who merely sprang from his topographic point merely in clip to get away their snapping jaws† ( Orwell 89 ) . Used to the hilt. the Canis familiariss spy on the other animate beings and imp lement the pig’s regulation. much like the KGB’s surveillance of citizens in Russia ( Bloom 154 ) . Last. Equus caballuss and donkeys play a big function in Animal Farm. â€Å"representing a nexus to the yesteryear. in contrast to rebellion on the farm† ( Lea 35 ) . They represent those who were hesitant of revolution. and effort to do the animate beings on the Manor Farm realistic and optimistic. Often. Benjamin the donkey is said to be the voice of Orwell himself. â€Å"providing a voice of dry humor and intelligent skepticism† ( Smyer 96 ) . Boxer and Clover are both used to stand for the working categories of the socialist revolution. both being strong. hardworking. and loyal to Snowball and Napoleon. even as they become disillusioned and the revolution finally spins out of control ( Lamont ) . All in all. these representations are spot on. leting Orwell to develop his sarcasm highly efficaciously. Not limited merely to the sarcasm of people. Orwell uses a assortment of symbols and motives throughout Animal Farm to satirise the thought of communism and revolution. every bit good as Russia’s communist revolution specifically. Closely mirroring the Bolshevik Revolution. Animal Farm as a whole â€Å"expresses the totalitarian nature of Stalinist positions and Bonapartist socialism in the Soviet Union† ( Lea 122 ) . In add-on to this. â€Å" [ conflicts in Animal Farm ] can be viewed as stages of larger historical beat of radical action and counterrevolutionary reaction† ( Lea 122 ) . The Manor Farm. subsequently changed to Animal Farm. represents the state of Russia as a whole. with the internal authorities construction of a state. separated from its neighbours. in both doctrine and method of regulation. Supporting this larger. implicit in symbol. Orwell uses a assortment of others to back up it. Farmer Jones represents Czar Nicholas II. an irresponsible and s ometimes barbarous leader who is overthrown by his animate beings. or in the tsars instance. his topics ( Lamont ) . Animalism is Communism adapted for animate beings. defending self regulation and equality. spurting such rules as â€Å"Four legs good. two legs bad† ( Orwell 43 ) and subsequently. â€Å"All animate beings are equal. but some are more equal than others† ( Orwell 117 ) . Animalism focuses on a classless society. yet with clip the development of a opinion and lower category are seen. embodied in the rubrics â€Å"Animal Hero: First and Second Class† ( Orwell 56 ) . Besides. much like communism. it focuses on a trust on industry. which in Animal Farm is represented by Snowball’s windmill. something that finally fails and about leaves the farm in ruin ; non unlike the economic depression that developed in the Soviet Union during the late fortiess ( Greenblatt 137 ) . However. as in the Soviet Union. the revolution finally leaves all involved unsated. salvage for the few that preside over governing the multitudes. While trying to do life better for all. non me rely did life in actuality become worse. even the leaders were more oppressive and rough than those that came before them. In the terminal. all that was left were disillusioned multitudes. oppugning if what they had done was right ( Lamont ) . Animal Farm is widely considered to be a rich sarcasm. full of memorable character that accurately portray and provide sentiments about its satirical marks. Orwell’s usage of animate beings to portray revolutionists and his consummate symbolism provide us with one of the most discussed sarcasms of the modern age. This â€Å"little fairy narrative. . . with political meaning† ( Bloom 158 ) provided the universe with an accurate and thought arousing image of the Soviet Union.